#NMC CATHODE FULL#
#NMC CATHODE SERIES#

Li-ion with manganese spinel was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in 1983. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn 2O 4) - LMO

Table 3: Characteristics of Lithium Cobalt Oxide. Very high specific energy, limited specific power. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.ĥ00–1000, related to depth of discharge, load, temperatureġ50☌ (302☏). Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.ġC 2.50V cut off. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg.Ġ.7–1C, charges to 4.20V (most cells) 3h charge typical. Source: Cadex Summary Table Lithium Cobalt Oxide:LiCoO 2 cathode (~60% Co), graphite anodeģ.60V nominal typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cellġ50–200Wh/kg. Li-cobalt excels on high specific energy but offers only moderate performance specific power, safety and life span. (See description of the NMC and NCA below.)įigure 2: Snapshot of an average Li-cobalt battery. The Li-cobalt is losing favor to Li-manganese, but especially NMC and NCA because of the high cost of cobalt and improved performance by blending with other active cathode materials. (See BU-104c: The Octagon Battery – What makes a Battery a Battery). Other characteristics of interest not shown in the spider webs are toxicity, fast-charge capabilities, self-discharge and shelf life. The hexagonal spider graphic ( Figure 2) summarizes the performance of Li-cobalt in terms of specific energy or capacity that relates to runtime specific power or the ability to deliver high current safety performance at hot and cold temperatures life span reflecting cycle life and longevity and cost. The mandatory battery protection circuit limits the charge and discharge rate to a safe level of about 1C for the Energy Cell. For optimal fast charge, the manufacturer recommends a C-rate of 0.8C or about 2,000mA. Forcing a fast charge or applying a load higher than 2,400mA causes overheating and undue stress. This means that an 18650 cell with 2,400mAh can only be charged and discharged at 2,400mA. Li-cobalt should not be charged and discharged at a current higher than its C-rating. Newer systems include nickel, manganese and/or aluminum to improve longevity, loading capabilities and cost. Like other cobalt-blended Li-ion, Li-cobalt has a graphite anode that limits the cycle life by a changing solid electrolyte interface (SEI), thickening on the anode and lithium plating while fast charging and charging at low temperature. The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). During discharge the lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode on charge the flow is from cathode to anode.

The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode.

The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. All readings are average estimates at time of writing. This section lists six of the most common Li-ions. Other Li-ion chemistries are given similar short-form names. Cobalt is the main active material that gives this battery character. For reasons of simplicity, the short form Li-cobalt can also be used for this battery.

#NMC CATHODE SERIES#

A series of letters and numbers strung together can be hard to remember and even harder to pronounce, and battery chemistries are also identified in abbreviated letters.įor example, lithium cobalt oxide, one of the most common Li-ions, has the chemical symbols LiCoO 2 and the abbreviation LCO.

#NMC CATHODE FULL#

Lithium-ion is named for its active materials the words are either written in full or shortened by their chemical symbols.

Nmc cathode